Delhi, the capital of India, is grappling with severe air pollution, reaching alarming levels. Residents, surrounded by a thick blanket of smog, find it challenging to breathe. In response to this crisis, the Delhi government is considering a unique solution—artificial rain through cloud seeding. However, the feasibility and effectiveness of this approach raise questions that need careful consideration.
The Severity of Air Pollution
The recent weeks have seen Delhi’s Environment Minister contemplating cloud seeding as a potential tool to reduce air pollution. The city, along with its neighboring regions, is trapped under a toxic cover of smog, making the air hazardous to breathe.
Cloud Seeding as a Solution
Cloud seeding involves inducing artificial rainfall to mitigate air pollution levels. While this idea is not new, its implementation in Delhi hinges on Supreme Court approval and collaboration with various central ministries. If approved, the plan could be put into action as early as next month, pending favorable weather conditions.
Weather Challenges
The success of cloud seeding depends on weather conditions, and it’s not the first time this technique has been suggested for air pollution control in Delhi. However, experts caution that this method is intricate and costly.
Long-Term Impact and Environmental Concerns
Assessing the long-term impact of artificial rain on the environment requires further research. The sustained efforts to combat pollution’s adverse effects necessitate a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of such interventions.
Air Political Implications
As Delhi’s air quality index consistently exceeds hazardous levels, the international media’s focus has prompted political leaders in India to seek urgent solutions. The toxic air, exacerbated by Diwali fireworks, underscores the urgency for effective interventions.
Current Air Pollution Quality
In the past two weeks, Delhi’s Air Quality Index (AQI) has consistently remained above 450, well beyond the acceptable limit for PM 2.5 particles. The initial rain brought a temporary respite, but Diwali festivities quickly escalated air pollution levels again.
Pollution Sources
Vehicular emissions and industrial activities contribute significantly to the year-round rise in air pollution levels in Delhi. Additionally, the practice of burning crop residue in neighboring states further deteriorates air quality, especially during colder months.
Cloud Seeding Explained
Cloud seeding is a technology that accelerates the condensation process within clouds, leading to rainfall. This involves spraying substances like silver iodide and chloride into clouds, either through airplanes or ground-based machines. These substances facilitate the formation of ice crystals in the clouds, eventually resulting in precipitation.
Challenges and Skepticism
Despite the perceived benefits of cloud seeding, skepticism remains among experts. Palash Mukherjee, an independent researcher specializing in climate and health impacts, notes, “The effectiveness of this technology in reducing pollution is not proven.”
IIT Kanpur’s Project
Researchers from IIT Kanpur have proposed a cloud seeding project for Delhi, covering a 300-square-kilometer area in two phases. The project’s leader, Manindra Agrawal, suggests starting the initiative on November 20-21, anticipating favorable weather conditions.
Limitations of Cloud Seeding
Agrawal acknowledges the limitations, stating, “Cloud seeding cannot generate enough clouds to cover the entire Delhi. Focusing on specific areas would be more practical.”
Effectiveness Debate
While recent light rain in Delhi temporarily reduced air pollution, the long-term effectiveness of cloud seeding remains uncertain. Experts argue that while it may momentarily clear the air, the impact is often short-lived, and pollution levels return within 48 to 72 hours.
Cost and Resources
Mukherjee emphasizes that cloud seeding is an expensive process diverting limited resources from other critical areas. He urges careful consideration and expert collaboration, stating, “This is not a hasty decision. A multidisciplinary team of weather experts, air quality policy experts, and epidemiologists is required.”
The Impact of Cloud Seeding on Air Quality: Understanding the Unseen
Cloud seeding, a process aimed at manipulating weather patterns, has raised concerns among experts. While some view it as a potential solution to air pollution quality issues, others remain skeptical about its effectiveness. In this article, we explore the concept of cloud seeding, its impact on the environment, and the challenges associated with this technology.
What is Cloud Seeding?
Cloud seeding involves the introduction of substances into clouds to encourage precipitation, such as rain or snow. This process is often considered a weather modification technique. The intention behind cloud seeding is to enhance water supply and mitigate issues like drought, but some propose its application for improving air quality.
Expert Opinions
Abinash Mohanty, a climate change and sustainability expert, expresses reservations about cloud seeding. According to Mohanty, the reduction in air quality index due to cloud seeding remains uncertain. The complex nature of natural processes makes it challenging to predict the full impact of such interventions. He emphasizes that solely relying on occasional interventions like cloud seeding may not effectively address pollution concerns.
The Limitations of Cloud Seeding
Mohanty highlights that relying on sporadic rainfall or changes in wind speed will not eliminate air pollution. Continuous efforts, beyond occasional cloud seeding experiments, are necessary to combat pollution effectively. Recent instances, such as the post-Diwali increase in smog and a rise in respiratory issues, underscore the severity of the pollution problem.
Harmful Effects of Polluted Air
The density of PM-2.5, fine particles that can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, has exceeded safe limits in various regions. According to the Delhi Pollution Control Committee, Anand Vihar recorded a PM-2.5 concentration of 1,985 micrograms per cubic meter, significantly surpassing the permissible limit. Increased levels of PM-2.5 and PM-10 during Diwali exacerbated air quality issues, leading to a 45% and 33% rise, respectively, compared to the previous year.
Diwali Impact on Air Quality
Despite efforts to curb fireworks during Diwali, the celebration led to a significant deterioration in Air Pollution quality in Delhi and surrounding areas. The aftermath of fireworks left the air laden with pollutants, aggravating respiratory problems and causing discomfort among residents. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) categorized the air quality in the national capital as “severe,” indicating a critical situation.
Continued Air Quality Challenges
Recent data from the CPCB indicates that air quality in Delhi remains in the “severe” category. At 6 AM, the air quality index in ITO was recorded at 430, while Jahangirpuri and RK Puram recorded indices of 428 and 417, respectively. Punjabi Bagh also experienced a high index of 410. These readings indicate an ongoing and severe air quality challenge in the national capital.
Repercussions of Increased Smog Post-Diwali: A Growing Health Concern
The aftermath of Diwali in the National Capital Region (NCR) has brought back the hazardous impact of smog. Despite the relief provided by pre-Diwali rains, the festive fireworks, despite restrictions, have once again filled the air with smoke. This has led to a sudden increase in health issues, particularly among those suffering from respiratory problems.
Impact on Health
The surge in smog has resulted in a rise in respiratory problems, including increased throat irritation, itching eyes, coughing, and cold among the residents. Despite efforts to curb pollution, the levels of pollutants have intensified, affecting both air quality and the overall well-being of people.
Alarming Delhi Air Pollution Quality Metrics
The concentration of PM-2.5, fine particles capable of deeply penetrating the respiratory system, has exceeded safety limits. Monitoring stations, such as the one at Anand Vihar as per the Delhi Pollution Control Committee, recorded a PM-2.5 concentration of 1,985 micrograms per cubic meter. This is six to seven times higher than the safe limit of 60 micrograms per cubic meter.
Comparison with Previous Years
Comparing the data to the previous year’s Diwali, there has been a significant increase in the concentration of PM-2.5 and PM-10. The PM-2.5 levels rose by 45%, and PM-10 levels increased by 33%. This indicates a worsening of Air Pollution quality during Diwali despite the efforts to control pollution.
Adverse Effects on Respiratory System
The microscopic particles in the air, especially PM-2.5, can enter the respiratory system, triggering respiratory issues. The intensified levels of these particles can lead to aggravated symptoms for individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions.
Unsafe Air Quality Index
As per the Delhi Air Pollution Control Committee, the air quality index (AQI) in Anand Vihar reached severe levels, signifying a serious health risk. The hazardous air quality not only affects those with existing health conditions but also poses a threat to the overall population.
Pollution doesn’t just affect your lungs but can also have adverse effects on various parts of your body, including reproductive health. Understanding how pollution can impact reproductive health is crucial, and we spoke to Dr. Ritu Sethi, a gynecologist from Max Hospital, Gurugram, and the founder of Aura Specialty Clinic, Gurugram, to shed light on this issue. Let’s delve into what she has to say.
Effects of Pollution on Reproductive Health
Dr. Sethi highlighted that increasing pollution can be a significant cause of several reproductive health issues. Studies indicate that exposure to pollutants such as PM 2.5 and toxic chemicals can have a detrimental impact on women’s reproductive health. Prolonged exposure to these pollutants can lead to irregular periods, fertility problems, an increased risk of miscarriage, and other serious issues.
Specific Impacts:
- Irregular Menstrual Cycles: Prolonged exposure to pollutants can lead to irregular periods, affecting the menstrual cycle’s normalcy.
- Infertility: The contact with pollutants may result in difficulties in conception, leading to infertility issues.
- Increased Risk of Miscarriage: Prolonged exposure to PM 2.5 and toxic chemicals heightens the risk of miscarriage.
- Hormonal Imbalance: Pollution can contribute to hormonal imbalances, increasing the risk of conditions like Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis.
Risks for Pregnant Women
Pregnant women face heightened risks due to pollution, as it can lead to preterm birth (delivery before 37 weeks) and low birth weight, posing potential risks to the baby’s health. Both situations can have long-term consequences for the child’s well-being.
Importance of Clean Air
The deep and negative impact of air pollution on women’s reproductive health signals the importance of clean air for a healthy life. Reducing pollution not only benefits the environment but is also crucial for women’s reproductive health.
Delhi Lifts Restrictions:
In a significant development for the residents of Delhi, the government has lifted the restrictions imposed under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Phase 4. This move comes in light of the improvement in air quality and the exclusion of the city from the ‘severe’ category. Let’s explore the details of the lifted restrictions and how it impacts various activities.
Previous Restrictions Under GRAP-4
1. Ban on Truck Entry
- Trucks were barred from entering Delhi, with exceptions for essential goods and CNG vehicles.
2. Vehicle Restrictions
- Only electric, CNG, and BS-6 diesel vehicles registered outside Delhi were allowed entry, except for emergency and essential service vehicles.
3. Diesel Vehicle Ban
- Ban on the movement of medium and heavy goods-carrying diesel vehicles within Delhi.
4. Construction Activities
- Prohibition on construction activities, including roads, flyovers, overbridges, power stations, and pipelines.
5. Closure of Schools and Educational Institutions
- Closure of physical classes for students in classes VI-IX and XI, with the option to conduct online classes.
6. Office Attendance
- Government and private offices were allowed to operate with 50% capacity in NCR (National Capital Region).
7. Work from Home
- Central government offices had the authority to permit employees to work from home.
8. Closure of Colleges and Educational Institutions
- State governments had the power to decide on the closure of colleges and educational institutions.
Current Changes and Relaxations
1. Complete Removal of Restrictions
- All restrictions under GRAP-4 have been completely lifted, allowing the resumption of various activities.
2. Office Attendance
- The decision to allow employees to work from home has been left to the discretion of the central government.
3. Educational Institutions
- State governments can decide on the reopening of colleges and educational institutions based on the prevailing situation.
4. Emergency Measures
- Authorities still have the option to consider additional emergency measures if needed.
Conclusion
As Delhi explores unconventional methods like cloud seeding to combat Air Pollution, it is crucial to weigh the potential benefits against the environmental and economic costs. The complex nature of this intervention demands extensive research, thorough planning, and a collaborative effort from experts across various domains. Only through comprehensive analysis and a well-considered strategy can Delhi hope to find a sustainable solution to its persistent air pollution crisis.
Cloud seeding, though a promising concept, faces skepticism regarding its effectiveness in improving air quality. Experts like Abinash Mohanty stress the need for sustained efforts to combat pollution rather than relying on occasional interventions. The post-Diwali scenario further emphasizes the urgency of addressing air quality issues through comprehensive and continuous measures. While cloud seeding remains a topic of debate, it is essential to explore alternative strategies for sustainable and long-term solutions to the persistent problem of air pollution in our cities.
Addressing pollution is not just an environmental concern; it’s a critical aspect of safeguarding women’s reproductive health. Dr. Sethi emphasizes the need for collective efforts to reduce pollution, ensuring not only a cleaner environment but also a healthier life for women. Taking steps to minimize pollution can have far-reaching positive effects on reproductive health, emphasizing the significance of clean air for overall well-being.
The removal of GRAP-4 restrictions is a positive development for the people of Delhi. It signals an improvement in air quality and allows a return to normalcy in various aspects of daily life. However, the authorities remain vigilant, reserving the right to implement emergency measures if the need arises. Stay tuned for further updates on the dynamic situation in Delhi.
Also Read – Delhi Pollution : Rains Wash Away Delhi’s Polluted Blanket, Diwali Air Unlikely To be ‘Severe’